Anabolic Steroid Use by Athletes Essay - 3169 Words

In the 1988 Summer Olympics, an unbelievable feat occurred. The feat happened during one of the premiere events, the 100 meter dash. The event was set up to be a great race between Carl Lewis of the United States and Ben Johnson of Canada. This did not happen. Ben Johnson blew away the field running a 9.79, a world record. Carl Lewis finished a distant second with a 9.88 (Ben Johnson). That is not the end of the story. Later on, the runners had to take a urinalysis. All of the runners passed but one, Ben Johnson. He tested positive for anabolic steroid use. It was later discovered that hed been using steroids for several years. He was striped of his gold medal and his world record. Carl Lewis was given the gold and the world†¦show more content†¦The final group is recreational drugs. This class is also illegal in athletics and contains drugs like cocaine, crack, marijuana, and heroin. This class is more for social use than for the help it provides the athlete, so they are used equally by athletes and non athletes (The use of Anabolic . . .). Anabolic steroids -- technically called anabolic-androgenic steroids -- are a part of erogenic drugs and a member of the second classification. They are a synthetic derivative of the male hormone testosterone. These drugs along with exercise training allow a person to bulk up greatly, which may enhance an athletes ability in a sport (The use of Anabolic . . .). The zeal to win is within us all, but some people are just willing to go to greater lengths to win. Doping -- the use of drugs or other substances to improve ones performance -- started back even before the Roman Empire. Greek wrestlers use to gorge themselves with large amounts of meat in hopes of increasing muscle mass (NIDA . . .). The first competitive athletes charged with doping were swimmers from Amsterdam. These competitors would dope with anything from strychnine and caffeine to cocaine and heroin. Their doping spread to other countries as well (NIDA . . .). Doping finally lead to a higher level, steroids. The first steroids were created in the 1930s,Show MoreRelatedWhy Do Athletes Use Anabolic Steroids?2261 Words   |  10 PagesMiramontez Professor Winter English 103: Critical Reasoning and Writing 7 May 2015 Why do athletes use Anabolic Steroids? An anabolic steroid is the name that is associated with the male sex hormones. Anabolic steroids promote the development of male sexual characteristics in both males and females, and also promote the growth of the skeletal muscle (drugabuse.gov). In the late 1930s, anabolic steroids were developed. The primary reason for their creation was to treat a certain condition calledRead MoreThe Use Of Anabolic Steroids And How Athletes Are Cheating1482 Words   |  6 Pagescreation of sports. Athletes are becoming bigger, faster and stronger. The competitive edge has started to increase and guys are looking for ways to enhance their performances. Many turn to repetitive practices and healthier diets, while some turn to protein powder. No matter the method the average athlete is trying their best to propel his or her efforts past previous marks. Most stick to natural remedies, but there are a select few that turn to steroid injections. Steroids have overtaken the sportsRead More Anabolic St eroids Use by Athletes: A Threat to Body and Mind2344 Words   |  10 Pagesfor. -- Ralph Waldo Emerson In the world of sports today, anabolic/androgenic steroid use is a vast problem. Since its’ introduction into Russian weightlifting, it has been expanding with no signs of stopping. It has spread into every major sport, with usage by every age and race. The use continues to grow, even with a lengthy list of serious health, legal, and ethical concerns. Because of our societys adoration of muscle, athletes put their athletic goals higher on their priority list than theirRead MoreSports Philosophy And Recreation : Anabolic Steroids1430 Words   |  6 PagesSports Philosophy and Recreation Are Anabolic Steroids Important Of Body Building? I will argue no that anabolic steroids are not important for body building because they have great negative effects. The use of anabolic steroids has been discouraged over the years because of their side effects, and they are against the philosophy of sports. The steroids are medicine and protein supplements that aid in the body building. I hugely oppose the notion that anabolic steroid are imperative in building the bodyRead MoreAnabolic Steroid Use in Sports Summary1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroid use in Sports The competitive drive to win at all cost is fierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher records than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain bannedRead MoreAnabolic Androgenic Steroids Is A Huge Problem Among Today s Athletes857 Words   |  4 PagesComposition Mrs. Vidden 14 January 2015 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Professional Sports Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a huge problem amongst today’s athletes. The use of these drugs has been around for many years in sports. Understanding anabolic-androgenic steroids and why people take them is needed in the process of trying to eliminate them from professional sports. Also, players knowing and understanding how the negatives of anabolic-androgenic steroid use outweigh the positives will hopefullyRead MoreAnabolic Steroids : Use And Performance Enhancing Drugs1516 Words   |  7 Pages The Debate over Anabolic Steroids The use of performance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids has been a debatable topic in the United States as early as the 1950’s. Former U. S. Representative Howard Berman expresses that â€Å"Steroids can seem necessary to compete at the highest level, and the quick rewards may seem to outweigh the long term consequences to users.† The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) states that countless athletes, both young and old, face life threatening illnesses dueRead MoreAbstract. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Are Ergogenic Resources1723 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Anabolic Androgenic Steroids are ergogenic resources commonly used by athletes in search of better achievement performances. However, the use of these substances by non-athletes, for aesthetic purposes, have become a growing problem in gyms and sports centers. This conduct has favored the indiscriminate and abusive use of these steroids, exposing its users to health risks. Anabolic steroids are a subset of androgens, namely, synthetic compounds derived from testosterone, developed for therapeuticRead MoreStop The Destruction Of The Athletes998 Words   |  4 Pagesstop the destruction of the athletes, the U.S government has to take direct actions. To be more specific, the Department of Health must insert strict laws to forbid the supplements stores for selling illegal anabolic steroids. If this action will be taken, the results will be positive because at first the law will reduce the public access to the steroids and then completely annihilate it. At the moment, every athlete, prof essional or not, can easily purchase anabolic steroids from local supplement storesRead MoreAnabolic Androgenic Steroids : The Miracle Working Products That Help Athletes Or Any Physically Active Person936 Words   |  4 Pagesworking products that help athletes or any physically active person, to enhance their performance (Powers, p. 569). An example of an ergogenic aid is anabolic-androgenic steroids, which are known to build and strengthen the muscle. Athletes who chose to take anabolic-androgenic steroids can choose to either take it orally or inject it within their muscle, to try to enhance their performance within their respective sport. The type of performance that the anabolic-androgenic steroids would likely show improvement

Course outline of managing organisation course Free Essays

Law Theatre (604) Wednesday 16:ooh- 18:00 Thursday g:ooh- al:ooh Friday 14:00 – 16:00 You are also required to attend ONE (1) one hour tutorial per week. There are a number of tutorial options for students. Please see the NUNS enrolment system for details of tutorial times. We will write a custom essay sample on Course outline of managing organisation course or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tutorials start in Week 2 (to Week 13). A full list of tutorials, times and tutors will be on the Course Website. 2. 2 Units of Credit The course is worth 6 units of credit. There is no parallel teaching in this course. 2. 3 Summary of Course Managing Organizations and People is a foundational core course offered in the main bachelor degree programs. This course introduces students to the knowledge and skills required to successfully manage organizations and people in a global economy, based on contemporary research and practice. The course is designed to provide strong foundations for the development of future organizational leaders and managers who will be able to successfully respond to complex and turbulent environments, promote and sustain competitive advantage, ensure ethical and social responsibility in business practice and decision making, and manage changing social, increasingly global and diverse workplace. Topics include: the role of organizations in odder societies, sustainability and corporate social responsibility, the importance of organizational leadership, power and networks, sources of conflict, problem solving, group motivation and behavior, as well as professional skills. 2. 4 Course Aims and Relationship to Other Courses The aim of MOTION is to provide you with an introduction to principles, practices, issues and debates that are relevant to the management of organizations. You will study concepts and theories that help explain the attitudes and behaviors of employees and managers. As a core course in the Bachelor of Commerce degree, the activities, materials and assessments have been designed to provide students with the opportunity to develop skills relevant to their studies and employment. 2. 5 Student Learning Outcomes 2. 1 Student Learning Outcomes By the end of this course, you should be able to: Content outcomes: 1 . Explain the central role of organizations in society 2. Evaluate the value and importance of the human side of organizations 3. Scribe the interconnections between individual(s), team(s) and organization(s) 4. Understand the language of organizations and management Skills outcomes: 5. Acquire foundational academic research skills 6. Monster familiarity with the process of critical analysis 7. Enhance your effectiveness in working in groups and teams 8. Learn independently and assume responsibility for the learning process ASP Undergr aduate Program Learning Goals and Outcomes 1 . Knowledge: Our graduates will have in-depth disciplinary knowledge applicable in local and global contexts. You should be able to select and apply disciplinary knowledge to business situations in a local and global environment. 2. Critical thinking and problem solving: Our graduates will be critical thinkers and effective problem solvers. You should be able to identify and research issues in equines situations, analyses the issues, and propose appropriate and well-justified solutions. 3. Communication: Our graduates will be effective professional communicators. You should be able to: and presentation for the intended audience, purpose and context, and b. Prepare and deliver oral presentations that are clear, focused, well-structured, and delivered in a professional manner. 4. Teamwork: Our graduates will be effective team participants. You should be able to participate collaboratively and responsibly in teams, and reflect on your own teamwork, and on the team’s processes and ability to achieve outcomes. . Ethical, social and environmental responsibility: Our graduates will have a sound awareness of the ethical, social, cultural and environmental implications of business practice. You should be able to: a. Identify and assess ethical, environmental and/or sustainability considerations in business decision-making and practice, and b. Identify social and cultural implications of business situations. The following table shows how your Course Learning Outcomes relate to the overall Program Learning Goals and Outcomes, and indicates where these are assessed (they may also be developed in tutorials and other activities): Program Learning Goals and Outcomes, and indicates where these are assessed. Program Learning Goals and Outcomes Course Learning Outcomes Course Assessment Item This course helps you to achieve the following learning goals for all ASP undergraduate students: On successful completion of the course, you should be able to: This learning outcome will be assessed in the following items: 1 Knowledge Tutorial activities Assignment 1 Assignment 2 Critical thinking and problem solving 5. Demonstrate familiarity with the process of critical analysis Tutorial activities Exam Written communication 6. Enhance your effectiveness in working in groups and teams 7. Earn independently and assume responsibility for the learning process team activity Spot quiz b Oral communication 8. Learn independently and assume responsibility for the learning process Tutorial participation mark 4 Teamwork 7. Enhance your effectiveness in working in groups and teams Tutorial participation mark Ethical, environmental and sustainability responsibility 2. Evaluate the value and importance of the human side of organizations Spot quiz b. Social and cultural awareness 3. Describe the interconnections between individual(s), team(s) and organization(s) 4. 1 Approach to Learning and Teaching in the Course MOTION has been designed to provide you with a complete learning experience that incorporates interactive teaching and learning and provides a strong foundation for successful studies in your Bachelor’s degree. We encourage student contributions, through discussion and questioning that draw upon your reading and life experiences. 3. 2 Learning Activities and Teaching Strategies Role of Lectures – The lectures provide a forum to introduce students to the main issues, theories and conceptual frameworks for each topic. Lecture notes for each seeks topic will be available on the course website on the preceding Sunday. For example, the Week 4 lecture handout will be available to you on the Sunday before the lecture week. There will be specific information provided in the lectures to assist you in the spot quizzes Role of the Tutorial – The tutorials use a variety of experiential learning activities which encourage active engagement in the tutorials. The weekly tutorials provide you with an interactive environment to enhance your formal and informal learning in the course. The more conscientiously you participate, the more you will enjoy and learn from the tutorials. The tutorials also provide you with opportunities to improve important interpersonal skills by working with other students in groups and teams, building relationships and networks, and being exposed to the opinions and values of others. Role of Everest Simulation – The Everest Simulation provides students with a hands-on experience of concepts taught in this course. Abele S, Starters G, 2008, Coordination Success and Interpersonal Perceptions: Matching Versus Mismatching, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Issue: Volume 95(3), September, p 576-592 Brother D A, 2012, Self-Monitoring Tools and Student Academic Success: When Perception Matches Reality, Journal of College Science Teaching. 5 Mammon: 26-32. AND 2. You must find at least TWO (2) and a maximum of FOUR (4) academic articles in the allowing library databases: ABA Inform; Business Source; Web of Science that are relevant to support your analysis. Note: websites and books are not valid sources for this assignment. Marking criteria: Development of a consistent, clear and well-supported answer to the question Overall quality of analysis, depth of reflection/ thinking in terms of the key themes and issues raised in the question Quality of academic research (sourced from appropriate Journals/ databases, appropriate number of sources, relevance of sources to your argument) Appropriate structure (logical sequence; transitions teens parts; well-developed paragraphs) Clarity of expression grammar Correct format of in-text citations and bibliography using Harvard style . DUDE Harvard Guide) Appropriate document formatting as per requirements on section 4. 6 of the Course Outline and length (1,000 words +1- 10%) 4. 3. 2 Assignment 2 Requirements: Report – 30% of final mark Due date: At WEEK 11 in the tutorial. You must also upload an identical copy via â€Å"Turn-it-in† on or before your due date or your assignment will not be marked. Submission procedure: See section 4. 4 â€Å"Assignment Submission Procedure† in this ours outline Weighting: 30% of your total course mark Length: 2,500 words +1- 10% The word count must be disclosed on the coversheet of your report. Report Focus: Critically analyses your individual and team’s experiences in a virtual world and as a physical team by using the results in the Everest simulation using the following three course concepts 1) Communication (including distribution effect) ; 2) groups and teams; and 3) leadership The report must address the following areas: Included in word limit Assignment cover sheet: No Title page: Executive summary: Table of contents: Introduction: Yes (approve 250 words) Body: Critically analyses your individual and team’s experiences and results in the two Everest simulations using the following three course concepts: 1 . Communication including distribution effect 2. Groups and teams including virtual teams 3. Leadership Yes (approve 2100 words) Conclusion (Briefly summarizing what you have learnt from the experience) Yes (approve 1 50 words) List of references / bibliography Compulsory appendices: All students who were â€Å"participants† (not â€Å"observers†) in Everest must attach a copy of the â€Å"Goals on Track† page from the simulation All students (participants observers) must attach a copy of team contract No Reference requirements: You must use a minimum of six (6) academic references to support your analysis Marking criteria: and issues raised in the Everest experience Quality of academic research (appropriate number of academic sources, relevance of sources to your argument) Appropriate structure (logical sequence; transitions between parts; well-developed paragraphs) Clarity of expression grammar Correct in-text citations and bibliography format using Harvard style . DUDE Harvard Guide) Correct document formatting as per requirements in section 4. 6 of the Course Outline, length (2,500 words +1- 10%), and inclusion of compulsory appendices. More information about the Everest Simulation can be found in the Student Workbook, and guidance will be provided to students during the semester via the course website. 4. 3. 3 Individual Participation – 20% of final mark Tutorial Attendance and Participation: (5%) Preparation for, and active participation in, your lectures and seminars is a vital component of the learning in this subject and as such students who prepare and participate in the classroom will be rewarded. Participation may involve small group discussion, short informal presentations to the class, answering questions, participation in class discussion. Participation marks are based on the degree to which students make an informed contribution to class and small group discussion. Simply attending tutorials without getting involved in class discussion is of little value to you or your classmates and will result in a minimal participation mark. To be eligible for the Tutorial Attendance and Participation mark students must attend a minimum of nine(9) tutorials. Students must ensure their attendance is taken. If students have a valid reason to be absent, documentary evidence (e. G. Medicate certificate) must be presented to the tutor in the next tutorial. Grading: How to cite Course outline of managing organisation course, Papers

Analytical Planning Organization of Systemâ€MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analytical Planning : Organization of System. Answer: Introduction: There has been a detailed discussion about the article named Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. The article centres on an optimistic bookkeeping in the broader intellect of an investigation plan that has a determination to form fundamental discussions of the behaviour of humans in the framework of Accounting relatively than the profit after tax in terms of accounting. Additionally, there are numerous deficiencies contained in the broad optimistic program of research in practice. The main inbuilt complications comprise of informal expansion of tentative representation to be worn, excessive reliance on the test of assumption and deficiency of concentration on the arithmetical standards of the factors. In order to assess the advantages and disadvantages of optimistic Accounting exploration, the investigator has assessed the wider logical scheme with the hypothesis of epistemology and ontology. There was a remark that the decisive examination of affirmative accounting will have a nature of reviewing quite a lot of loopholes that would confine the same to make significant offerings to the wider projects of research (Hoffman et al., 2014). The project thus has an aim to make available a concise synopsis of the given article. Furthermore, the learning has a focus on recognizing the hypothesis of the research along with explanation of its worth and the technique through which it has poured from the review of the literature. In conclusion, there has been an illustration of a hypothetical structure united with the importance and disadvantages of the article. Article Summarization: In the article, the researcher has made an effort to examine the optimistic advancement related with the research Accounting. The research of accounting has an optimistic approach that has a link with the wider academic scheme of technical research and that aspires to understand and interpret the relationships of cause and effect. The deficit in the optimistic accounting study has been established by choosing specific descriptive studies and papers and that chiefly comprise of the auditing literature papers. It has been established that optimistic research is at present used in accounting; on the other hand, it has assured loopholes in achieving the scientific goals subsequent to the selection of the descriptive papers to set into the rationale of this study (Latham, 2012). Moreover, the explanation of Kuhn connected to the normal science goes well with the optimistic research of accounting. The projections are in brief detailed for a Kuhnian revolt and catastrophe that may achieve a ffirmative accounting to achieve its probability. The investigator has explained the criterion of Popper to demonstrate that introduction is not adequate to gauge the correctness of any specific hypothesis. Additionally, the article has made available a concise examination of the misrepresentation of optimistic accounting assumptions (Hudson, 2013). In order to portray the equivalent thought, four modules of descriptions are arranged frontward that takes account of measurement of errors, effects of external and internal aspects, effects and the inadequacy of the theory of relativity. Consequently, the examiner has lain down that a particular theory cannot be undependable by remarks; nevertheless, it could decide among two or more hypothesis. Also, the crucial interpretations fabricate erroneous theories; yet, it is inbuilt only in the case of sustaining of a theory of opposition. Furthermore, the article has made available a dissection that is in-depth about the flaws and judgment connected with the geometric hypothesis test and studies. This is for the reason that each single test or study out of 20 could be incorrectly discarded at the level of 5% importance. In addition, the technological subject connected with theory testing is the experiment statistic division coming under worthless theory that has reliance that is principally on the complementary suppositions. In addition, even if the technological subject could be determined, there is high likelihood that testing of hypothesis would be unsuccessful. The reason is that the same might be dependable with diverse accounting principles that would make available various power of connection (Weber, 2017). Therefore, the investigator has considered the passionate requirement to expand an improved procedure of measurement in undergoing of meticulous study of the hypothetical models prevailing in accounting. Research question/ hypothesis: The subsequent research theories have been laid down to scrutinize the soundness of optimistic accounting investigation: H0: There is a continuation of a universe that is further than the level of imagination of a person H1: The proceedings in the world have causes that shapes a part of the world by themselves H2: The ordinary persons could get hold of extremely dependable information about the worldwide events with the assistance of attentive observation H3: The purpose of the academic assets is to gain utilisation of the interpretation for attaining a worldwide knowledge of the universe, particularly the reasons For testing the initial hypothesis, a variety of illustrations of optimistic research in accounting are brought forward (Bem De Jong, 2013). For studying the subsequent theory, the investigator has discussed technical ontology and epistemology that demonstrate that the study of optimistic accounting is not equal as research of accounting. In order to evaluate and review the subsequent i.e. third proposition the investigator has talked about misrepresentation and hypothesis testing to settle on its soundness. Consequently, as per the given hypothesis, cautious scrutiny is requisite through which groundwork thoughts could be grown. As a result, a formal hypothesis could be developed with anticipations of testable nature that has a consistency with the accessible pertinent and reliable experiential confirmation (Saaty Kearns, 2014).Following that, the expectations of the new hypothesis can be studied in comparison to innovative interpretation in the state of affairs, in which both the old and latest hypothesis make a variety of anticipations. For studying the closing theories, the diverse models are studied with particular spotlight on quantity. In this perspective, there were statements that the psychological models can be a help towards mapping the fundamental measures happening in the world. As a result, the investigator has created the supposition that is sufficiently carried on in the segment of the review of literature. Theoretical framework: The succeeding frameworks of hypothetical nature have been used in the editorial and helps in the meeting up of the requirements: The procedure of unprejudiced self-interest amid parties is the result of the accounting occurrence through indirect or express contracts in a variety of organisations. These covers up the choices of accounting on the division of the managers of the organisations, pricing and reporting pronouncement on the segment of the auditors, the pronouncement of the supervisory bodies in terms of customary surroundings and the proficient academician advices. It is essential to establish the kind of information that the shareholder utilizes to formulate decisions of investment (Deegan, 2013). This construes that the human behaviour is rational in nature; yet, not in the sort of sports that occur from the hypothesis of optimistic secretarial practices. Additionally, subsequent to the study of more than a few accounting examines the accounting surroundings have been estimated in the nonexistence of logical behaviour, like the technique through which the professionals of auditing make judgements about the utilisation of the alertness in the arrangement of evaluation of the performance. As a result, these illustrations serve to make obvious that the agenda of optimistic research is much broader in contrast to the theory of affirmative accounting (Moser Martin, 2012). Hence, any particular study that means to achieve an approach of the character and grounds of the accounting incident goes after the technical study of accounting. Scientific ontology and epistemology: Epistemology is a field of science and aims to elucidate the various advancements obtainable to achieve an understanding of the world. On the other hand, Ontology looks forwards to give details the actions and their relationship to respond the query. First of all, the human organization and the communally developed character of roles, relations and performances represent that the communal world does not have a purpose continuation that has been devoid of the individuals, applicants and the actions need not have power over any balanced grounds (Uno and Bartelmus 2013). Moreover, the world could not be practically found devoid of the familiarity of individuals and clarification of the members.Therefore, as a reason of these complexities of the ontological and epistemological nature, the schedule to achieve a knowledge of the grounds of accounting experiences is like a ineffectual implementation of beating up a lifeless horse (Smith, 2014). For that reason, the difficulty connected with the optimistic research is the examination of knowledge and connotation, as it proposes to search reasons. The variety of research flows with different variety of objectives could subsist at the same point of time. An additional most important concern is connected to that of an organization (Guthrie and Parker 2016). From this time forth, it is likely to portray the wide-ranging behavioural tendency, on the other hand, few auditors and accountants may have a tendency to perform in a special manner. Therefore, the causes of the human behaviours would not be acknowledged in the world of objective; nevertheless, in a dissimilar place. From the article provided, it has been recognized that rigorous study of the susceptible representations is desirable for cautious assessment of the changeable dimensions. In consideration to this, the model of analytics is essential for study and arrangement of the hypothetical models. The investigator has recommended that better focus on dimension is requisite, as an alternative of studying and experimenting only. The reason being, in accounting, a partiality related to physically powerful publication is intrinsic against measurement, exclusive of when there is a linkage with the hypothesis. Importance and limitations of the article: Subsequent to the assessment of the provided article, there has been a finding that the study has represented a wide space between the present performances of optimistic accounting and the wants to make pertinent assistance to the wider rational agenda. In a situation where, there is lack of optimisation of system, it is essential to adapt the same for putting right the error. Additionally, the article makes available a balanced approach of the scientific research (Graham et al., 2012). Moreover, the article has established that optimistic accounting study is a consequence of quantitative representation that is reduced to reports of the predictable inclination amid two or more variables. On the other hand, the chief restraint recognized out from the article that this study would not add consciousness of behaviours of human in the perspective of bookkeeping. Nevertheless, the shortage of compilation of primary and secondary facts has slowed down the excellence of the research (Watson, 2015). Additionally, the investigator has completed presumptions based on the declarations of a variety of person responsible concerning optimistic research accounting. Conclusions: The assignment discussed above has intended to assess the ontology and epistemology of optimistic accounting study to determine its ambiguity and the techniques through which such ambiguities could be conquered. The examiner has suggested that particular hypothetical models require to be created for comprehensive studying of the variables of accounting. Next, there is an escalating necessity for an improved dimension tool to undertake meticulous study of the hypothetical models. To attain the same, the perceptions need to be operational through findings of substitutes to present dependable relations. It has been dogged that the human beings behaviour is balanced; though, not in the kind of sports that occur from the hypothesis of optimistic accounting. Consequently, it could be incidental that insignificant alterations in optimistic accounting agenda are necessary to reduce the errors in the organisations in conditions of accounting. References: Ballou, B., Casey, R. J., Grenier, J. H., Heitger, D. L. (2012). Exploring the strategic integration of sustainability initiatives: Opportunities for accounting research.Accounting Horizons,26(2), 265-288. Bem, S., De Jong, H. L. (2013).Theoretical issues in psychology: An introduction. SAGE Publications Limited. Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Graham, J. R., Raedy, J. S., Shackelford, D. A. (2012). Research in accounting for income taxes.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), 412-434. Guthrie, J., and Parker, L. D., 2016. Whither the accounting profession, accountants and accounting researchers? Commentary and projections.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(1), pp.2-10. Hoffman, R. F. M. B., Rand, M. R. J. Y. (2014). Instrumental enrichment, an intervention program for structural cognitive modifiability: Theory and practice.Thinking and Learning Skills: Volume 1: Relating Instruction To Research, 43. Hudson, K. (2013).Offending identities. Routledge. Kim, J. B., Zhang, L. (2013). Accounting conservatism and stock price crash risk: Firm-level evidence. Latham, G. P. (2012).Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. Moser, D. V., Martin, P. R. (2012). A broader perspective on corporate social responsibility research in accounting.The Accounting Review,87(3), 797-806. Rogers, J. L., Van Buskirk, A. (2013). Bundled forecasts in empirical accounting research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), 43-65. Saaty, T. L., Kearns, K. P. (2014).Analytical planning: The organization of system(Vol. 7). Elsevier. Smith, M. (2014).Research methods in accounting. Sage. Uno, K., and Bartelmus, P. (Eds.)., 2013.Environmental accounting in theory and practice(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Watson, L. (2015). Corporate social responsibility research in accounting.Journal of Accounting Literature,34, 1-16. Weber, R. H. (2017). Emission Trading Schemes: A Coasean Answer to Climate Change?. InEnvironmental Law and Economics(pp. 355-377). Springer International Publishing.

The electro negativity of atoms Essay Example

The electro negativity of atoms Essay ApparatusThe apparatus I will use to conduct the experiment are:* 1-clorobutane (1 mol)* 1-bromobutane (1 mol)* 1-idobutane (1mol)* Silver Nitrate (0.01 mol)* Ethanol* Water Bath (Heated to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C* Test tubes x3* Test tube rack* Teat pipettes x3* Burettes (1mmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) x2* Pipette fillerMethod* Set up test tubes and test tube rack* Put 1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of silver nitrate into the three test tubes using a burettes* Add ethanol(1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) with the other burette* Put test tubes in water bath (pre heated to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) and leave for 10 minutes test tubes will be placed in water bath at the exact same timeSafetyTo make my experiment a safe one I will wear safety goggles (I also have done research into the chemicals I have using, this means I know what to do if I spill some upon my hand or on the floor) for example 1-iodobutane is a slight irritantFair TestTo make this as fair a test as possible I will use a water bath to control the temperature the bath will be heat ed to 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C I will place all the test tubes with the mixtures in the water bath at the same time, I will ensure that they have been in the water bath for ten minutes this should ensure that they are all at the same temperature as the temperature influences the rate of reaction it is essential I do this. I will use a burette to mesure the silver nitrate and ethanol this should ensure accuracy in the volume. Human errors can affect the results; I could use a micropipette array and a data logger to take away the chance of human error, using a micropipette array would mean the halogenoalkanes are added at the time plus the drop size would be the same. The data logger will give more accurate representation of which reaction occurs fastest as you are not relying on eyesight and highly sensitive electronic equipment.ExplanationDue to halogen atom i.e. chlorine, iodine and bromine being more electronegative than the carbon the carbon halogen bond is polarised thecarbon atom is ele ctron deficient and is liable to attack fromnuceophiles with their lone-pair of electrons (e.g. OHà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ions).The carbon atom can not form more than four bonds thereforethe halogen atoms are substituted by the nuclephille and the halogen atom leaves as a halide ion. (A covalent bond forms between the carbon and the nuceophille)Mechanism nucleophilic substitutionThe OH group attacks the delta positive carbon (nucleophilic) these strength the bond between C-X bond becomes weaker. As the alcohol group approaches the carbon, the negative bonds (in hydrogen bonds) start to move away from the OHà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ as they are being repelled, the final structure is opposite to the originalPredictionBondBond Enthalpy (kJ molà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)C-Cl340C-Br280C-I240If I were to base the experiment on the electro negativity of atoms I would expect the 1-chlorobutane to react the fastest due to its high polarity (having more ability to attract electrons) the order I would expect is C-Cl fi rst then C-Br and finally C-I but as the experiment is actually based on bond enthalpies 1-chlorobutane should take the longest to react as it has the highest bond enthalpy.Based on this table of bond enthalpies (right) I would expect 1-iodobutane would react fastest as it has a lower bond enthalpy thus easier for bonds to be broken the order I would expect them to react in is C-Cl, C-Br, C-I